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Federal Budget Process, 2004.
An in-depth analysis of the federal budget process.
4,946 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 125.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the functioning of the federal budget process and explores the barriers involved. The paper explains that federal budgeting can also be split up into its basic standards of activity and measurement. The expenditure process involves three different stages of budget authorization, obligation, and outlays. The paper discusses the various parties involved in decision-making regarding the federal budget from Congress to the president. The laws pertinent to the federal budget process are presented in the paper. The paper contends that the federal budgetary procedure is required to endorse specific and apparent information on budgetary alternatives, to provide the lawmakers with a structure for arriving at agreeable conclusions on expenditure and receipt strategies, and to facilitate those policies to be implemented.
From the Paper
"As is with any complicated strategy, the federal budgeting can also be split up into its basic standards of activity and measurement. The expenditure process involves three different stages of budget authorization, obligation and outlays. The Budget authority is bestowed by the Congress and President within the legal framework. It generates the legal base for federal units to make the financial responsibilities enforceable in terms of the obligations. The activities of the federal agencies in form of executing contracts, appointment of personnel and executing orders for goods and services give rise to generation of such obligations. The outlays follow when the obligations are settled down. The outlays are normally in shape of the checks, electronic fund transfers and other payments effected to by the Treasury Branch. The budget authorities mostly are provided to the agencies every year being excerpted from the legislations made during the previous Congresses. The funds are provided without the legislation by the Congress. (Keith, 1996)"
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State Budgeting vs. Federal Budgeting, 2002.
This paper details, compares and contrasts the different processes involved in budgeting on the state level and on the federal level.
1,109 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper, using Pennsylvania as a model, demonstrates the differences between state budgeting policies and federal budgeting policies. It shows how the budgeting techniques in the federal government have some major differences, when compared to those in the Pennsylvania State government; these differences include a lack of a separate capital budget, different budget cycles and timelines, and budgetary policy differences.
From the Paper
"The federal government uses only one budget to lay out its financial obligations, whereas Pennsylvania uses two separate budgets. The single operating budget used by the federal government is required to outline federal expenditures from purchases to service contracts. Pennsylvania, however, has one budget that outlines services, entitlements and education expenses, and a different budget to make new purchases on capital improvements. The former is called the General Fund, and the latter is the Capital budget. Pennsylvania uses two budgets because the General Fund is used for purchases and contracts that will take place within that fiscal year, and the Capital budget is used to forecast capital purchases in the next five years. In this manner, Pennsylvania can keep better track of its assets and have a tighter grip on where its money is spent. The biggest advantage to having a separate budget for capital improvements is it allows the possibility of change. When funding is appropriated on the federal level, the department gets its money all at once and builds whatever it needs. For a state, though, a program may be feasible at the time of its announcement, but may have to be restricted due to extenuating circumstances (i.e. September 11th and the economic downfall.) "
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Federal Deficit and National Debt, 1992.
An examination of the various aspects of the causes of, possible solutions for and potential impacts of the national debt and federal budget deficit.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 12 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"Budget Deficits and the National Debt: Consequences for the Economy
Introduction
The candidacy of H. Ross Perot succeeded in placing the issues of budget deficits and the accumulating national debt on the political agenda. The debate over the nature of the deficit, its magnitude, and its consequences for the national economy have been raging in the economic community for quite some time but the issue now appears to have entered the more general public dialogue. The analysis which follows attempts to define the different economic perspectives on the national debt and deficits. It evaluates the differing perceptions of the consequences of the debt and deficits for the U.S. economy and concludes with a..."
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Federal Reserve Open Market, 2001.
This paper looks at the events at the Federal Reserve Open Market committee meeting in October 2000.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons why the Federal Reserve Open Market Committee at its October 2000 meeting decided to leave the Federal Funds Rate target (and by extension the money supply target) unchanged as well as looking at what might have prompted the Fed Open Market Committee to increase the Federal Funds Rate or Discount Rate as well as what might have prompted them to decrease the Federal Funds Rate or Discount Rate ? and what other actions might have accompanied either an increase or decrease.
From the paper:
"To understand the Fed?s decision in October it is necessary to understand how the office functions in general. As the central banking authority of the United States, the Federal Reserve acts as a fiscal agent for the U.S. government; it also serves as custodian of the reserve accounts of commercial banks, makes loans to commercial banks, and is authorized to issue Federal Reserve notes that constitute the entire supply of paper currency of the country. The system comprises the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the 12 Federal Reserve banks, the Federal Open Market Committee, the Federal Advisory Council, and, a Consumer Advisory Council along with several thousand member banks. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System determines the reserve requirements of the member banks within statutory limits, reviews and determines the discount rates established by the 12 Federal Reserve banks, and reviews the budgets of the reserve banks."
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The Budget Deficit, 2006.
This paper argues that the budget deficit does not actually have a significant economic meaning, at least when taken by itself.
1,070 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the budget deficit, defined as the amount the government borrows in order to fulfill the budgetary allocations in the federal budget, is at an all-time high, which is not that concerning because most often expenditures exceed revenues and the bridging of the gap between the two requires government borrowing from foreign or private entities. The author points out that, if the deficit increases 2.5% in one year, but GDP also increases by this same amount, the deficit as a portion of the federal budget has remained the same. The paper concludes that the examples show that the vast majority of current federal budget programs demonstrates that increased operating deficits do not necessarily mean poorer performance; in fact, the percentage of debt as a portion of GDP is a much better predictor of effectiveness in the federal budget mechanism.
From the Paper
"With these criteria in mind, we will turn attention to the current federal budget, which has been in deficit status since 2002, and seems destined to remain so for the next several years. The FY2006 proposed budget includes a $390 billion deficit, not including potential expenditures in Iraq and Afghanistan or any social security reform measures undertaken-a seemingly huge discrepancy between government revenue and spending. President Bush has vowed to reduce deficit spending by half in the next five years-and appears to be holding true to that promise, as the 2006 deficit is smaller than the $427 billion deficit in the FY2005 budget."
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Taxes and the Federal Debt, 2002.
A paper which explores how cutting taxes might ultimately help the growing federal debt.
1,449 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how cutting taxes may ultimately be an important strategy in reducing the federal debt of the United States. The federal debt has been a long standing concern of American citizens, politicians and economists. Today, the federal government faces a projected gross federal debt of $6,118,364 million in 2005. The paper shows how governments have traditionally taken the stance of increasing taxes or cutting spending in order to reduce the deficit. These attempts have largely failed due to unanticipated budget concerns. It explores how, in traditional attempts to reduce the debt, cutting taxes was thought to be a way to decrease national revenues, thus potentially increasing the debt. However, many economists are now considering that cutting taxes may help to stimulate the economy, paradoxically resulting in increased taxation revenue through higher employment and better wages. The paper examines how tax cuts may prove to be a way to increase revenues, thus potentially providing a means to reduce the federal debt. It also examines President Bush's Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA, designed to cut taxes, reduce the debt, and stimulate the national economy.
From the Paper
"Critics however, argue that EGTRRA will ultimately fail. They note that misrepresentations in federal budgeting overestimate budget surpluses, including mistakes in long term costs of retirement programs from a budgeted $5.6 trillion to a mere 1.6 trillion. Further, they note that EGTRRA will reduce revenues through tax cuts. Ultimately, the critics argue that the combination of a decreased budget surplus and tax cuts will sink the EGTRRA (Gale and Potter).
If the critics are correct, and the EGTRRA fails, the government will be forced to increase taxes, reduce spending, or increase the public debt. As such, plans to reduce taxes may once again result in increased federal debt."
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Federal Reserve System, 2004.
This paper is on the Federal Reserve system of the U.S. and outlines its duties and responsibilities.
1,568 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how the Federal Reserve performs the function of regulation, supervision, government services and issuance of currency, checking/clearing services for banks, and wire transfer services. It also looks at the way the bank formulates budgets for its various resources, allocates resources according to the needs of the people, as well as predicts the economy's performance in the current and future years. Some of the details of the above features are discussed in the paper, which enumerates the roles and responsibilities of the various components of the Federal Reserve.
From the Paper
"The System consists of a board of governors in Washington DC and Reserve Banks scattered in different cities that act as support and representation of the different states, to the Federal Reserve Bank. There are seven members in the Board of Governors who are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. These governors are to serve the Federal Reserve for tenure of 14 years. Furthermore, the President and the Senate are also responsible for the assignment of the Board Chairman and Vice President. These positions each has 4 years terms (Federal Reserve Board 2003). The members selected for the board basically ensure that the monetary flow and interest of the 12 geographical divisions of the country are well represented and that each state has fair treatment in industrial sectors as well as the public interests."
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The American Budget Deficit., 2001.
An in-depth examination of the American budget deficit and how it has been affected by different administrations and varying social conditions.
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the US Federal Budget during the Clinton administration and how he reduced the deficit to a surplus amount in 1998. He moves on to discuss the changing American economy and provides examples of why he considers that there are times in a nation?s life when deficits are necessary and even beneficial. The author suggests that use of debt spending during wars and times of recession help to boost the economy but can be detrimental to the Stock Market. He further examines levels of taxation and compares the effect that different administrations have had on the federal deficit.
From the paper:
?Determining the correct, or economically benign, level of deficit and debt is a subject for endless debate. Economies do not operate by a simple law of cause and effect, of plus and minus, of deficit and surplus. They are complex interweaving of many economic and psychological factors, both domestic and international. Although a huge deficit is never to be praised, there are times in a nation?s life when deficits are necessary and even beneficial.?
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Flexible Budgets, 1997.
Asseses benefits of flexible over static budgets & describes budget development process.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
The budget process is one way in which companies determine how they are performing in relation to how they expect to perform. Calculating the variances of planned (budgeted) expenses against actual expenses and the variances of planned revenue toward actual revenue can help companies decide whether cutbacks need to be made or whether expansion plans are in order. Individual managers often devote a significant amount of their effort toward the budget process, and managers may well find their own performance (and compensation) tied to how well their projections match how their organization actually performs. Because of the importance of the budget process to an organization, companies must have accurate budgets which provide them with timely and useful information. Two types of budgets, static and flexible, have.."
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Government Budgets, 2006.
This paper compares the government budgets of Clark County in Nevada, the State of Nevada and the White House's Office of Budget and Management.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that all the budgets of governmental agencies share the goals of significantly cutting costs, reducing their scope of operations through outsourcing and improving flexibility and responsiveness through the empowerment of management. The author points out that technological advances in information technology and information systems, supported by increased user expertise and familiarity with technology, have allowed budget management to break away from its traditional constraints but have forced many governmental agencies to establish management control mechanisms. The paper details each of the budgets from Clark County in Nevada, which is the smallest in terms of revenues and expenditures, to the larger budget of the State of Nevada and to the largest budget, which is the White House's Office of Budget and Management.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Nevada's Clark County
State of Nevada
The White House's Office of Budget and Management
From the Paper
"In order to increase revenues, Clark County has instituted their Capital Improvement Program (CIP), a five year plan which is reviewed and updated annually in conjunction with the preparation of the County's operating budget. The CIP's mission is to finance infrastructure improvements, government facility construction, and equipment acquisition. The goals of CIP are to: 1) access capital needs; 2) identify funding sources for those capital projects/programs, which will provide the greatest return on investment in terms of meeting the increasing demand for infrastructure, public facilities and services; 3) establish priorities among projects to increase the utility of County resources; 4) improve financial planning through disclosure of future bond issues and assessment of fiscal impact."
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Budget Evaluation, 2006.
This paper studies the role and the process of budget estimates.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The aims of this paper are to identify the stages of the budgeting process and to evaluate their effectiveness. The article evaluates the level and validity of detailed assumptions used to create budget estimates. It discusses the role of the budget as an analytic tool that can be used to evaluate organizational performance. The writer explains how the budget can be used to find and eliminate inefficiencies in an organization's performance and explains the role of the budget in the business control cycle. The author analyzes internal and external control mechanisms that can be put in place to monitor and evaluate the budget and describes how the budget can be used in the performance accountability and reward process. The writer makes use of the example of a major business initiative in an organization that was approved last year as a result of the budget process, and explains how the budget was used in the approval process.
From the Paper
"There are four stages in most budgeting processes. The first stage is information gathering. At this stage past performance results are collected and assessment is made of the company's strategic plans. Performance results for the previous year are gathered, the company's current objectives are defined and the market in which the company operates is evaluated. Some companies also include customer feedback in their information gathering tasks. Planning is the second stage, with determinations made about how detailed the budget will be and how it will be organized, whether by department or product or other groupings."
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Budget Deficits, 2006.
An introduction to budget deficits, what they are and their pervasive nature.
2,857 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by explaining that even since biblical times budget deficits have been a part of government financial policy and that once begun,they become a pervasive and destructive force on society. The paper also looks at how the current U.S. budget deficit began, explains just why budget deficits are problematic, examines the consequences of budget deficits and discusses what can be done to help address the problem. The paper also asserts that budget deficits can be controlled, if not eliminated, if society learns to live within the government's means.
Outline
Introduction to Budget Deficits
The Beginnings of Our Current Crisis
The Problems of Budget Deficits
Consequence of Budget Deficits
Distorting the Budget Decision-Making Process
Statutory Measures Just Won't Suffice
Social Security and Budget Deficits
Medicare and Other Entitlement Programs
Conclusions about Budget Deficits
From the Paper
"The idea of government deficit spending has been with humankind since the earlier times of the history of civilizations as recorded in the Old Testament of the Holy Bible. The first recorded political leader to generate budget deficits, although they weren't so labeled, was King Solomon. As recorded in the books of the Chronicles and Kings, Solomon issued promissory commitments of various kinds to the King of Tyre, the Queen of Egypt, and the King of Lebanon to assemble the materials necessary to build the Temple."
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Budgeting, 2005.
Takes a look at the budgeting process within organizations.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the budgeting process, budgeting, and the role of budgets in organizations. The actual budget and the financial activities of an organization are explored as well as forecasting of the requirements upon which a budget is based.
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U.S. Defense Budgeting, 2008.
This paper describes the U.S. defense budgeting process and argues that it is complex and cluttered.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the strengths of the U.S. defense budgeting process are that it has many avenues for access and accountability by interested parties, ensuring that the overall military effort is essentially transparent and responsible to society. The author points out that the process allows for much waste and influence, which adds cost rather than value; thereby, the process fails to promote efficiency. The paper relates that the system is not likely to be changed radically soon because the entrenched interests can continue to win favored positions and reforming the system takes great momentum and uncommon nerve. Sources listed are in the form of endnotes.
Table of Contents:
Budgeting Concepts
Budgeting Participants
Budgeting Process
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the main ways that government decides on what to spend each year is through baseline budgeting. It takes what was spent in the previous year as the jumping off point and begins its deliberations on what to spend in the upcoming years based upon that. By using this method, the government can operate according to expectations that have some recent history to support claims that more money is needed or less can be done with. It looks at how things went in the past year and decides where to beef up spending and where to cut."
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Flexible Budgeting, 2008.
This paper looks at financial terminology and discusses flexible budgeting within healthcare.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The financial term 'flexible budget' was introduced to the writer during a discussion thread conversation regarding conflict of interest and healthcare financial objectives and goals. The purpose of this paper is to define flexible budgeting, and apply the concepts of flexible budgeting by analyzing various descriptive articles. The writer notes that flexible budgeting can be applied to any industry that provides a service or product. The writer concludes that cost management is becoming a responsibility that is held to an established level of accountability for mid-level managers and a flexible budget tool can be a useful resource in managing the costs associated with providing quality health care.
Outline:
Introduction
Flexible (Variable) Budget
Research Summary
Application of Flexible Budgeting
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The articles discussed the concepts and implementation of flexible budgeting in detail. A common concept that appeared in all articles is the departmental education and training and overall acceptance of the budget plan. The planning stages of the transition from a traditional budget to a flexible budget can often take a year or more. A committee is formed of specialized staff from all departments of the medical facility. The committee is developed to form the activity measures and cost variability relationships. Determining activity measures and applying cost variability measures is not a perfect science and may take time to discover actual relationships based on the trends of the medical facility. Departmental managers will play a crucial role in managing department budgets by monitoring trends by comparing actual numbers to historical numbers to establish a trend. A goal of the finance department is to create and practice a culture of open communication and development of the departmental managers In order for a flexible budgeting to succeed is acceptance of the program. The financial department must communicate to the departments that the system is not designed to cut budgets but to enhance the budget in times of resource need. Most hospitals are currently using a mixed budget of traditional budget factors such as fixed costs and a flexible budget when determining costs for staffing."
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