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Farm Subsidies, 2002.
This paper discusses an article on farm subsidies by David Hosansky in the "CQ Researcher."
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
A reaction to the Hosansky article on Farm Subsidies in the "CQ Researcher" which discusses the Farm Bill implemented by President Bush on May 13 2002. The author illustrates how although the report contained sufficient information on the issue, it had an inward-looking bias and did not adequately emphasize the global impact of the U.S. Farm Bill. Furthermore the report is said to lack an international perspective of the issue and does not take a clear-cut stand on the merits or demerits of Farm Subsidies.
From the Paper
"The signing into law of the US Farm Bill in May 2002 has serious and profound international implications. These effects have only been mentioned in passing by the author and have not been analyzed or explained in sufficient depth. For example, the subsidies that have been built into the Bill (a massive 70% hike over the current levels) would result in overproduction of such food products as corn, wheat, cotton, rice and soybeans. This would drive down the market prices of these commodities and create huge surpluses in the United States. These products would then be exported to the poor countries of the world where the farmers cannot possibly compete with such low prices."
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U.S Farm Subsidies, 2005.
This paper discusses the U.S. policies of farm subsidies in relationship to the international agricultural market.
1,620 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the United States provides proportionally less support for its farmers overall than the E.U., it is the second largest supporter of agriculture in the developed world; some commodities, such as sugar, have overall support at E.U. levels. The author points out that evidence suggests that the current U.S. barriers hit the very poorest countries hardest. The paper relates that direct support given to U.S. farmers and the presence of significant trade barriers for certain products means that the United States agricultural production is higher than it would be otherwise, which lowers world prices; moreover, U.S. direct export subsidies, export credits and food aid are likely to have a further depressing effect on world prices.
From the Paper
"This evidence also suggests that the United States Generalized System of Preferences, U.S. GSP, program is not particularly generous with respect to agricultural products, a point supported by some WTO calculations. The estimated gap between the average agricultural tariff faced by middle-income countries, who will largely have GSP terms, and OECD ones, who will mainly face MFN rates, in the United States is only 1.5 percent. A wide range of agricultural products are indeed excluded from coverage under the U.S. GDP, and even the U.S. Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, AGOA, excludes many significant agricultural products."
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Water Subsidies, 2003.
Examines the positive and negative effects of providing farmers with water subsidies.
790 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
According to a 1994 GAO analysis, without water subsidies in California, farms would still be profitable. This paper first discusses the history of water subsidies, before showing their advantages and disadvantages. It ultimately argues that water subsidies should be done away with because of the billions of dollars they cost taxpayers each year and the fact that they encourage farmers to squander money.
From the Paper
"There are, however, far more negatives to providing farmer subsidies then positives. The main negative is the price of providing farmers with water - since 1902 we have lost 70 billion dollars in water subsidies, and it cost taxpayers approximately 2.2 billion a year (Candee). Also, the subsidies are not benefiting the farmers that need it the most, ?Many corporate farms circumvent the acreage limits in reclamation law, thereby preventing small farmers from buying land at prices that are affordable while giving those larger operators unintended competitive advantages (Adams).? These water subsidies also cause a large loss in water; the San Joaquin River is dry for more than 12 miles because the flow of the river has been used for agricultural purposes. In regions near large water subsidies there has been destruction of wetlands and a decrease in fish and wildlife populations. In my opinion the negatives outweigh the positives of water subsidies."
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Energy Subsidies and Their Impact on Society, 2005.
Examines how subsidies for non-renewable energy sources have become perverse.
2,653 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the phenomenon of energy subsidies and how they have had an effect on society. From giving the companies the influence they need to push drilling legislation to effects on world hunger, energy subsidies have been problematic for the ecology of this nation as well as the world; they have been a distorting force in the market place and have been detrimental to the social condition of this planet. From the pressures to drill ANWR to Third World poverty, energy subsidies have created a superpower out of the resource lobby. The various consequences of the subsidies are chronicled, and several solutions are also presented.
From the Paper
"In order to deal with the transition to more renewable sources and a more efficient economy, there is no reason why those who are "environmentally virtuous" should not be rewarded. Belgium has cut sales taxes for energy saving devices by 2/3 of the original amount and conversely has made those who drive inefficient vehicles pay more in road taxes. Denmark and Norway have also tied vehicle size to the amount of taxes paid on them. The best part of this plan is that does not change the amount of taxes paid and does not change a given nations position, meaning that it can be done with only that one nation's interest in mind."
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The Impact of Agricultural Subsidies, 2005.
An analysis of fiscal policy relating to agricultural subsidies and their affect on the economy and the environment.
2,822 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 25 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper illustrates the harm that agricultural subsidies have done to the economy, to the environment, and to people's livelihoods. It illustrates various case studies of certain crops that have received perverse subsidies and gives several case studies of attempts to reduce these subsidies. It also offers solutions to this problem, namely, to cut off all subsidies in case of emergency.
From the Paper
"One of the basic tenets of economics is the old adage "there is no such thing as a free lunch." Even when you go to a presentation with a "free lunch" afterward, the cost of procuring that food was somehow externalized. If we apply this to public policy, one can see that certain economic sectors have received a so-called "free lunch" from the government, even though there are many costs. Agricultural subsidies are often portrayed to be an essential part of the well-being of a nation, but they can have damaging effects on the environment, cause stagnation in the economy, and can be detrimental to the livelihoods of people around the world."
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Agricultural Subsidies, 2005.
Pros and cons of subsidies for and tariffs on, agricultural products by first world countries.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the issue of free trade in agricultural products versus protectionism that is one of the fiercest international economic debates. It discusses the arguments of the proponents of free trade who believe in opening the global market with as few restrictions on trade as possible and those of the proponents of protectionism who believe in concentrating on the welfare of the domestic farming community. The stage at which the talks over subsidies take place is the World Trade Organization ("WTO").
Paper Outline:
Introduction
The Economics of Agriculture
Some Numbers
A Comparative Advantage of the Poor
The Reasons for Protectionism
The WTO and the Prisoner's Dilemma
From the Paper
"However, why do the rich countries like those of the European Union as well as the US today still subsidize their farmers to the tune of billions of dollars a year? Beginning in the 1930s most industrialized countries developed agricultural price-support policies to reduce the volatility of prices for farm products and to increase, or at least stabilize, farm income. Subsequently, in food-exporting countries, such as the United States and France, agricultural subsidies have been designed primarily to increase farm income, either by raising the long-term level of prices above free-market levels or by providing direct payments to farmers."
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Subsidies and Countervailing Duties, 2005.
A look at subsidies and countervailing duties and how they affect Third World economies.
3,412 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
Subsidies and countervailing duties have a lot of importance where different countries are concerned. This is especially true of countries that are just developing. Third World development is becoming very important today, and many of the multilateral trade negotiations that are taking place are changing the prospects for these countries. It is important, therefore, to look at these trade negotiations and what they will do to the subsidies and countervailing duties for many of these countries. For purposes of this paper, the United States and Canada and any subsidies that they give are not examined. Instead, the focus is on countries that are in the Third World and that are just developing. The scope of the paper looks at these Third World countries and the multilateral trade negotiations that they deal with in order to help determine the prospects that they have for continued growth.
From the Paper
"Even though this seems somewhat unfair, it actually is not because many of these countries are still finding their way when it comes to trade agreements, subsidies, and countervailing duties. They must be allowed more freedom so that they are able to find ways to make use of many of the tariffs that they have and the subsidies that have not either been banned or restricted. This will help them to continue their goal of promoting development within their nations. It seems as though there may soon be further restrictions placed on them when multinational trade negotiations are looked at once again. In order to help avoid the problems that would come from this, the Third World countries should act now to exercise the autonomy that they currently have. If they do not, they may soon lose this autonomy and be even more restricted them they are now."
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Perverse Subsidies, 2004.
Introduces and defines the term 'perverse subsidies'.
952 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of perverse subsidies. Specifically, it explains what a perverse subsidy is, including what makes it 'perverse', and what the American government is doing about the problem. It gives specific dollar amounts and discusses what these subsidies are doing to the environment.
From the Paper
"Perverse subsidies are, in a word, perverse. They encourage development in scientific and industrial sectors that is counterproductive to environmental and economic concerns, and they encourage growth and development in areas that often should be regulated and reduced, rather than encouraged. For example, as these experts note, "Energy subsidies can, and usually do, favor large supply projects and undermine funding for biomass and renewables. Tax concessions for logging, settlement, and ranching can accelerate deforestation, species loss, and soil and water degradation" (MacNeilln and Winsemius, 1991, p. 33). Many of the perverse subsidies today revolve around agriculture, and they can be some of the most damaging of all these subsidies. These subsidies exist all over the world, and experts believe they cost North American, European, and Japanese consumers and taxpayers more than $250 billion dollars per year (MacNeilln and Winsemius, 1991, p. 34), and these are only agricultural subsidies."
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Indirect Subsidies in the Private Transportation Sector, 2002.
How the auto and oil industries are effected by indirect government subsidies.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the place of indirect government subsidy in the auto and oil industry, two sectors of the US economy that have deeply shaped American culture. It discusses federal- and state-funded highway systems as an indirect subsidy of auto manufacture and ownership, and also points out numerous tax breaks afforded owners and manufacturers of cars, as well as gasoline buyers. It also mentions the use of bonds in this economic phenomenon.
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Indian Housing Subsidies, 2002.
A study of Indian housing subsidies.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
A paper on the Indian Housing subsidies which elaborates on the financial and real estate data related to it.
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Subsidies for Tenants or Landlords?, 2008.
This paper explores the effects of subsidizing tenants directly as opposed to subsidizing landlords to build more affordable rental housing.
778 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how subsidizing landlords in British Columbia could lead to the development of housing which is still unaffordable for the city's poor. The paper relates that a property owner could use the subsidy to his or her own advantage and even if the owner builds a housing complex, it will only be useful to a handful of people. The paper maintains that for those in need to actually receive the benefits, the rental subsidies must go to the needy individuals themselves.
From the Paper
"In the case of either subsidizing tenants directly compared to subsidizing landlords in order to build more affordable rental housing units, one must inevitably side with subsidizing the tenants. This is primarily because subsidizing private landlords in BC is unwise owing to the province's particular rental situation. British Columbia is characterized by a "lack of affordable housing" (TRAC, "Tenants Group Warns..") and "private market rental housing (which) is only being built for the highest earning renters in the province" (ibid). The affect, therefore, is that subsidizing landlords in BC could very possibly lead to the development of housing which is still unaffordable for the city's poor. In order to ensure it is those in need of affordable rental housing who receive the benefit of subsidies, the subsidies must go to the individuals in need - not the governing owner who may use the subsidy to his or her own advantage."
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Agricultural Subsidies, 2005.
A discussion on the role of agricultural subsidization in developed countries.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the role of agricultural subsidization in developed countries through the examination of the consumer price index (CPI), per capita income levels, and the per capita expenditures on food within the CPI weighted averages. The paper hypothesizes that agricultural subsidies actually inflate the price of food commodities, which has an exacerbating effect on the economy and the lower income demographic.
From the Paper
"The primary issue is the supposition that government agricultural subsidies disrupt the natural market forces that dictate the free-market premise that prices seek their own level. This principle of price disruption caused by agricultural subsidies is, perforce, most apparent in the price of food and food products. The result, and the proposed hypothesis, is that consumers actually pay higher prices for food items that would otherwise be the case sans agricultural subsidization by government entities. Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to illustrate the reality of the hypothesis in order to establish and build a case to end agricultural subsidization by developed countries around the globe."
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Microeconomics, 2006.
A critique of government mismanagement of farm subsidies.
759 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the federal government's program of subsidies to farmers, and reflects on how that impacts consumer costs. In conclusion, the paper finds that what is needed is not an overhaul of the tax system, but rather a reassignment of priorities in government spending.
From the Paper
"According to ?"Microeconomic Issues Today", American consumers are essentially paying twice for farm goods. Due to government subsidizing to assure farmers receive adequate income and price floors implemented, we pay higher prices. That is, we are paying for the value of the produce and then a portion that helps pay for the subsidy. We also pay in other ways through our tax dollars. We are paying for the employment of individuals who manage such government programs, which are ultimately enabling farmers. If farmers did not have subsidies to rely on they would be required to determine their own level of outputs, prices, etc, on a regular basis."
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Farm Production in the U.S., 2003.
Examines the existence of agriculture in a private property setting as a major reason for its success.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 6 sources, $ 23.95
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Abstract
Discusses the effect of advanced technologies and the increased federal role in farming, as well as government farm subsidies programs and the acreage reduction program.
From the Paper
"In the last thirty years, total farm production in the United States has increased by eighty percent while at the same time this abundance has required less labor, capital, and physical resources to implement. This increase in farm production has been ..."
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Farm Welfare Program, 2003.
Examines the history of federal support for farming and its effectiveness.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of federal support for farming and analyzes how effective it has been. The historical and economic background of the current crisis in American farming is also examined. The paper looks at the impact of the Grange movement, the Dust Bowl catastrophe, poor farming and land management methods and federal subsidies to farmers.
From the Paper
"We tend to think of the current crisis faced by American farmers in which each year farmers are forced to leave a profession and a calling that their families have often practiced for generations sometimes ..."
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