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The Lenni-Lenape Tribe, 1998.
A brief history of Lenni Lenape Indian tribe.
2,666 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the Lenni-Lenape tribe. It includes their spiritual and intellectual beliefs and a description of the environment in which they lived. Also described briefly is the history of their contact with the English, Spanish and other invaders, beginning with a look the Spaniard Pedro Mendez in 1570 and continuing through to a look at the Englishmen under Governor William Berkley in 1644. The paper also discusses the Lenni-Lenapes of modern day from the 1920's.
From the Paper
"Two outstanding leaders met and stopped a war between the English colonists under John Smith and the Lenape Indians under Chief Powhatan. As part of the treaty, Chief Powhatan was crowned King of the Delaware territory, in 1609, through the diplomacy of John Smith. Unfortunately, John Smith was recalled to England in 1609 after a dispute with the London Company's managers. The result of his recall was full-scale war between the English and the Lenape. The war lasted until 1613 when Pocahontas married an English colonist named John Rolfe and Chief Powhatan grudgingly called a truce between his people and the English."
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"Night Flying Woman", 2007.
A reflection of the role of the cycle of life in Ojibway culture through the narrative of "Night Flying Woman" by Ignatia Broker.
961 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines "Night Flying Woman" by Ignatia Broker and reflects on the different steps of the Ojibway cycle of life and their effect on Ojibway culture. The steps of the cycle mentioned in this essay are birth and childhood, learning of the Ojibway ways, the carrying out of these taught ways, making the great journey and the passing on of history, knowledge and tradition.
From the Paper
"Another key part of the cycle of life is when an Old One makes the great journey. While making the great journey is the end of a person's cycle of life, it is not the end of their influence on the tribe, or the end of the Ojibway cycle of life for that matter. The legends and stories of the Ojibway elders are passed on, and their words are honored. Oona describes the period following the passing on of Grandmother and Grandfather. "The mourning lasted a year. They would never be forgotten, for their names were whispered to the si-si-gwa-d." (Broker, 114) Grandmother and Grandfather were not remembered so much for their individuality, but for the contribution and their dedication to the Ojibway children. "
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Cycle of Life in 'Night Flying Woman', 2007.
A reflection on the role of the Ojibway cycle of life, as presented in Ignatia Broker's narrative 'Night Flying Woman'.
911 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer relates that Ojibway's concept of the cycle of life is demonstrated throughout Ignatia Broker's narrative, "Night Flying Woman". The writer points out that Broker highlights three major steps in the Ojibway's cycle of life and that she effectively illustrates the Ojibway's respect for this cycle. The author concludes that the narrative, 'Night Flying Woman' provides something for everyone to learn from, no matter what step of the cycle you are in.
From the Paper
"Birth and childhood of Ojibway children play an especially important role in the cycle of life for it is a time for the gaining of much knowledge, both for the present as well as the future. The birth of a child is imperative for the preservation of any group of people and is likely the reason Ojibway mothers usually have five children throughout their lives. Shortly after the birth of a child, the time for teaching of the tribe's ways can begin. Constant learning is encouraged at an early age when the children are made to watch the elders go about their lives, whether they be hard at work lacing strong birch-bark containers, winding string made from the bark of trees, or just talking amongst themselves and socializing with one another. This is made apparent when part of Oona's childhood is described early on in the narrative."
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Pocahontas and John Smith, 2007.
An analysis of the relationship between Pocahontas and John Smith.
790 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the various accounts of the relationship between the Indian girl, Pocahontas and the English Captain, John Smith. It discusses exactly what their relationship was and how they related to each other. The paper looks at John Smith's account of the events and people surrounding Pocahontas and discusses how this compares to the popular Disney version of their relationship.
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most romanticized event in history is the meeting and relationship between Indian girl, Pocahontas and English Captain, John Smith. What exactly was their relationship? Disney Productions tells us in their movie titled "Pocahontas" that the relationship between the two people were of that of a romantic type, portraying the two as highly attractive twenty something's, leaping through forests and frolicking in the fields."
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The Apache Indians, 2006.
This paper discusses Apache marriage, religion and hunting.
1,193 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the traditional, ideal Apache family. It looks at their close ties to extended family and examines how the leader of a tribe would prevent disharmony in the group. The paper also looks at traditional Apache religion and how hunting was an integral part of the Apache's lifestyle.
From the Paper
"The Apache had many distinct branches, some in the south, west or east. However they shared many things in common when it came to their political and social organization. In the ideal Apache family there would be a husband and a wife. It was the husband's job to join the family of his wife. The couple would share their household with their unmarried children and the families of their married daughters. Due to this marriage arrangement, the wife was the member of the family who brought in extended members. Wives played an important role in the tribe's survival."
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Trickster Coyote, 2006.
This paper examines the role of trickster Coyote in Native-American tradition.
2,983 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses one of the most famous characters in Native- American oral traditions, the trickster Coyote. The paper examines Haruo Aoki's story "Coyote and Fox" and shows how Coyote serves not only as entertainment, but also as a teaching tool for other generations to learn from. The paper illustrates why the use of these animals is important and what it reveals about Native-American life and values.
From the Paper
"One of the most famous characters in Native American oral traditions is that of the trickster Coyote. This character appears in hundreds of Native tales, and in many different tribes. Coyote "the trickster...tends to express unbridled human desires (Leeming 47)." For example in Aoki's story "Coyote and Fox," Coyote exhibits many traits that are common in most Native stories, in this tale though, "He is excessively demanding of food (Leeming 47)." In this particular story of "Coyote and Fox," by Haruo Aoki, Coyote illustrates many forms of boundaries for listeners to learn from. Also, Coyote's disregard to protocol and misbehavior serve as an example of "what not to do," and gives attention to the proper behavior of Fox. Also, Coyote's interactions with Fox create a form through which others may learn. "The funny and immoral activities of the trickster are used to teach children morality by example (Leeming 48)." Aoki's tale illustrates this teaching role of Coyote the trickster."
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"Indians and English", 2006.
A book report on Karen Ordahl Kupperman's "Indians and English."
797 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Karen Ordahl Kupperman's book "Indians and English." It discusses the book as it looks at the meeting between American Indians and English people in the first decades of contact and colonization. The paper particularly describes their attempts to understand and place each other's ways within their own familiar schemes of how human society is supposed to function.
From the Paper
"Karen Ordahl Kupperman's Indians and English focuses on the first contact between the two titled groups. Rather than trying to show how either side attempted to rid the landscape of each other, Kupperman maintains that "...both [groups] naturally sought to incorporate these new people into their own systems..." and that doing so "...necessarily involved trying to figure out the nature of the others." (1) To prove her thesis, Kupperman uses largely primary sources to highlight specifically varying aspects of both English and native life that inevitably contended with each other."
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Greater Roadrunner, 2007.
This paper examines the bird species, greater roadrunner, or geococcyx californianus.
2,487 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer studies what is known as probably the most iconic bird of the southwest, the greater roadrunner. The writer notes that the scientific name for the greater roadrunner is Geococcyx californianus, which is Latin for "ground cuckoo". The writer claims that
the greater roadrunner is one of the most underestimated and overlooked birds of the southwest. The writer discusses its ability to withstand harsh weather conditions year round. The writer then discusses its defining characteristics that put this unique and fascinating bird in an unmistakable class of its own. The bird's mutual parental responsibilities and important geographical roles within the southwest are also examined. In addition, the writer looks at the immense role the roadrunner plays within Native American culture and its iconic ways that somehow connects everyday life with the spirit world above.
From the Paper
"In some Pueblo and Apache Native American cultures, it is believed that tracing the roadrunner's inscrutable tracks around a deceased person during burial ceremonies would confuse nearby evil spirits and keep their ancestor out of harm's way during their journey to spirit world. The most widely circulated, and believed, of all stories is one claiming that roadrunners pen sleeping rattlesnakes within a cactus fence. The story claims that while the snakes are unconscious, the wise bird gathers cactus hides (with their highly functional beaks) from nearby surroundings and builds a barrier of thorns that makes escape impossible for the helpless reptile. Legend continues that once the snake awakes and realizes its fortune, the roadrunner sets into full attack mode and vigorously pecks the powerless snake with its mighty beak until the snake is lifeless. The sharing and telling of these myths and legends not only help to keep the mystery and interest of the unique roadrunner alive, but it also helps keep their cultural status within the deserts of the southwest."
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Native Americans and the Colonists, 2007.
This paper explores the differences in belief systems of the Native Americans and European colonists.
1,736 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the differing beliefs and outlooks of the Native Americans versus the European Colonists in the early 1600s. This author evaluates their differing views on such topics as technology, religion, the environment, women's rights, and slavery. The paper gives an honest appraisal of both sides' views and prejudices about the other. The author concludes that these base differences between the two sets of peoples, the Europeans and the Native Americans, were what sparked the distrust held by both nations that endured for hundreds of years.
From the Paper
"The European colonists and the Native Americans of North American had very different views on nearly everything they encountered in their lives. Living in vastly different cultures lead both groups to generally have two extremely different outlooks on four main topics; religious beliefs, the environment, social relations, and slavery, differences which the colonists used this to their advantage when conquering the peoples of the New World."
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The Paxton Boys, 2007.
A detailed look at the "Paxton Boys" incident from an economic, political, religious, cultural and racial perspective.
6,096 words (approx. 24.4 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to explain what happened during the "Paxton Boys" massacre and march on Philadelphia in 1763. It touches on religious issues like Quakers versus Presbyterians, economic issues like poor versus wealthy, racial issues like whites versus Indians, and political issues like the frontier versus the politicians in Philadelphia.
From the Paper
"During the early morning hours of December 14, 1763, a group of men (approximately fifty) from Paxton, Lebanon, and Hanover Counties (Pennsylvania) brutally attacked a group of Moravian Indians at Conestoga Manor in Lancaster. This group of men have since been known by the infamous title of "The Paxton Boys." The attack was not carried out during the passion of the moment, but instead, was pre-meditated and planned for quite some time. When these frontiersmen arrived at Conestoga Manor they did not find a large group of Indians as first suspected. Rather, they found a group of six--three men, two women, and a child (Vaughan, "Philadelphia Under Siege"). In a savage fashion all six of the Indians, including the two women and the child, were scalped. "
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Beth Cuthand's "Post-Oka Kinda Woman", 2007.
This paper discusses Beth Cuthand's poem "Post-Oka Kinda Woman" from "An Anthology of Canadian Native Literature in English".
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Beth Cuthand's "Post-Oka Kinda Woman"
appears to be about the rather insignificant-looking action of a Native woman walking down the street; however, the subject is really the issue of the Oka crisis, which began on March 11, 1990 and lasted until September 26, 1990. The author points out that, through its prosody, tone, characterization and diction, this poem challenges preconceived notions about Native people. The paper concludes that Cuthand's poem disputes the idea that the Oka crisis is not really over and suggests that the Mohawk nation will continue to fight for their rights over the land.
From the Paper
"Prosody in "Post-Oka Kinda Woman" mixes feet within the poem. By not employing 'perfect' metre with every line doing da-dum or dum-da, the metre Cuthand chose reflects the meaning, mood and emotional colour of the words and images. Line one begins with tetrameter, line while two switches to pentameter and line three has hexameter. The changing metre slows down the reader by line three, emphasizing the importance of the words, "victimization, reparation". Although lines four to six ease in the metre by changing to pentameter, line three slows the reader down."
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Peyotism, 2004.
This paper discusses the history of the use of peyote for religious rituals among the Navajo Indians.
2,460 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper describes explicitly, based on Edward F. Anderson's book "Peyote: The Divine Cactus", a Navajo religious ceremony which uses peyote to communicate with God. The author points out that peyote had an influence on other tribes for over 400 years but did not impact the Navajo until the late 18th century. The paper relates that, although the peyote ceremony is one of the emblematic signs of Native American religion, opponents of peyote are apprehensive towards these ceremonies and have made efforts to control the use of peyote among Native Americans.
From the Paper
"As the orange-red sun slowly sinks in the horizon, members of a peyote cult enter through the door of a hogan (a pentagon shaped hut in which Native Americans live) designed for their ceremony. The door faces the descending sun and is to the opposite of three men (the Road Man, Drummer Man, and Cedar Man) who are sitting in front of a raised crescent moon of earth. This raised crescent serves as an altar which has a peyote button resting on sagebrush. More members arrive and sit around the altar in a circle. When all the ceremonial devices are properly placed, the fire man, who is sitting east to the entrance, gathers hot coals and arranges them in the form of a "V" with the apex facing the Road Man."
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Dan Aadland's "Women and Warriors of the Plains", 2006.
A summary, analysis and critique of Dan Aadlan's book, "Women and Warriors of the Plains".
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a book report of "Women and Warriors of the Plains", by Dan Aadland. The review looks at the general themes raised in Aadland's text as they focus upon the life of Plains Indians in the American Midwest during the early decades of the twentieth century. The paper also touches upon the life of early twentieth century photographer Julia E. Tuell, the woman to whom Aaland is indebted for the photographs in his book.
From the Paper
"Dan Aadland's Women and Warriors of the Plains is a revealing look at what life was like for the Cheyennes of Montana, the Sac and Fox of Oklahoma, and the Lakota tribe living on the reservations of South Dakota. In particular, Aadland describes the photography and captures the reminiscences of Julia Tuell, a woman who devoted a significant part of her life to recording the native people of the American Midwest at a time when they were still inscrutable to most whites. The following paper will explore Aadland's book and provide a summary of its content. More importantly, the following paper will provide an analysis and critique of the book with some emphasis being placed upon the extent to which Aadland's fawning treatment of Tuell's photography occasionally distracts from what should be the real focus of the book."
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Native American films, 2006.
A review of Native American film history and its influence on the American film industry.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This film study brings forth a brief history of Native American filmmaking in the last one hundred years. According to the paper, the early teens of the 20th century brought forth James Young Deer, but after World War I, white Americans in power soon sought to diminish the role of Native Americans in leadership positions, such as director. The slow and often racist agenda for native Americans took a secondary role to western that exploited Indians as obstacles for Manifest Destiny.
From the Paper
"This film study will analyze the Native American film history and how it had influenced the major film industry of America. For the past one hundred years, Native Americans have played a part in helping to shape the creation of screenplays, directorial approaches, and other elements in the American filmmaking process. By learning of the various directors and actors in this genre, one can realize the major impact Native Americans had on Hollywood. In essence, this study will bring forth an analysis of the history of Native American filmmaking, and its influences on American filmmaking within the past one hundred years. The first half of the 20th century was a difficult tie for Native Americans, as they were mostly left out of filmmaking within the major industry markets."
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The Cherokee Tribes and Warfare, 2006.
A review of the Native American Cherokee tribe's war strategy.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
A discussion regarding how in recent years, mainstream society has "re-discovered" Native Americans after a period of forgetfulness. Needless to say, one of the more prominent of all the Native North American peoples has been the Cherokee - perhaps because few other native tribes (at least to this writer's knowledge) have enjoyed the territorial, geographic reach of the Cherokee nation - a nation with tribes in the Virginias, the Carolinas, and the Southern United States. This paper looks at America's Cherokee tribes and explores the manner in which their approach to warfare since the arrival of the "white man".
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