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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2008.
An examination of how the Cuban Missile Crisis showed
the US and the USSR how to understand the perils of a nuclear conflict.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Cold War, viewed as a battle of power between the two major actors, the United States of America and the USSR, had several turning points in its evolution. The paper continues and states that one of the most important moments of the Cold War, when mankind was closest to a nuclear disaster, happened in 1962 in Cuba. The paper then relates that, in order to further understanding of the crisis, it discusses it in a historical context, describes it and discusses its results within the Cold War evolution. The paper concludes that an effect of the crisis was the creation of a direct link between the US and the USSR (the Hot Line) which represented a first step towards a better communication and cooperation between the two political systems.
From the Paper
"The beginning of the crisis can be placed when the American President, John F. Kennedy was notified that the Soviets deployed missile equipment and missiles in Cuba, on October 16, 1962. Viewed as a serious threat not only for the American security but also a threat for the European Allies, the US's response had a large number of possibilities to be taken into account. These were "a Blockade Plan--employs 24 to 36 destroyers, a carrier task force, etc., which can marshal significant strength to blockade Cuba, both air and maritime; air Strike Plan--currently being revised, but employs between 450 and 500 aircraft. (...); fast Reaction Assault Plan--employs both air-borne and amphibious assault with about 32,000 troops in initial phase, with balance of assault forces arriving in increments as they become available. Ultimately builds up to about 80,000 troops in Cuba around D+18 days. Full-Scale Deliberate Assault Plan--employs simultaneous airborne and amphibious assault with around 49,000 troops engaged on D-Day, building to about 60,000 by D+5 days, and again to 80,000 by D+16 days." (The Avalon Project, 1998). Form the scenarios that President Kennedy and his team made, the first option was chosen. This was a very important moment not only for the crisis itself, but for the evolution of the Cold War. A military naval blockade was chosen for several reasons: Kennedy wanted to diffuse the crisis on the basis of a non-military action that would have probably given reason for an increase in tensions between the US and the USSR. Also, because the US was unable to 100% prove that USSR had rockets in that area it needed to gain support from its European allies. "
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The Guatemalan Coup of 1954, 2008.
This paper reviews the books "Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala" by S. Schlesinger and S. Kinzer and "Modern Latin America" by T. E. Skidmore and P. H. Smith.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper examines "Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala" by Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer and "Modern Latin America" by Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith as they relate to the Guatemalan coup of 1954. The paper explores the role of the United Fruit Company (UFC) in the coup that overturned the legitimate Arbenz government of Guatemala in 1954, the CIA role in this affair and the UFC's relationship with the U.S. State Department and with the Guatemalan workers.
From the Paper
"How many Americans know that the United States Government directly and dramatically interfered with the internal affairs of a sovereign nation (Guatemala) in 1954? And it wasn't a matter of small-time inference, but in fact the American CIA installed a dictator friendly to the U.S., and ousted the existing Arbenz administration. Probably few Americans also realize that this action in Guatemala was not a unique moment in U.S. interference in foreign nation's internal affairs. Indeed, the CIA had orchestrated and carried out a coup in Iran on August 19, 1953. The CIA installed the Shah of Iran into power thanks to a plan called "Operation Ajax" authorized by President Dwight Eisenhower and directed by the same men who carried out the coup against the legitimate government of Guatemala - brothers John Foster Dulles (Secretary of State) and Allen Dulles (CIA Director). The Iranian coup was fully explained in a book called All the Shaw's Men by Stephen Kinzer, the same author who co-wrote Bitter Fruit."
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Contemporary Africa Ethnic Conflict Resolution, 2008.
Analyzes ethnic conflict resolution and policy in contemporary Africa, especially Ethiopia.
15,860 words (approx. 63.4 pages), 36 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies key elements in conflict and conflict resolution theories from the perspectives of ethnicity, culture, and politics in Africa and non-African countries. The author points out that Africa has been wracked time and time again by wars of all types, intensities and durations. The author then presents several ways that Africans resolve ethnic conflict and reports that, unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of the 1936-41 Italian occupation during World War II. However, Ethiopia has been wracked by a series of bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought and massive refugee problems.
Table of Contents:
Theory
Key Historical and Contemporary Theorist
Conflict Theories and African Policy Issues
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Social Learning Theory
Social Identity Theories
Implementation of Ethnic Conflict Management and Policy
Community Assembly: The Semai Becharaa'
Qat-Chewing Sessions
The Role of Poetry
Dia
Go-Between Mediator
Apology
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
Public Trials
Reparations Payments
Writing a Common History
Track II Diplomacy
Literature Review
Global Ethnic Resolution, Conflict and Relevant Policy
African Ethnic Conflict and Policy
Application of Theory and Practice on Ethiopia
Ethnic Conflict Resolution and Theories within a Policy Context
Ethiopian Socioeconomic and Political Climate
From the Paper
"The native inhabitants of the area were organized in agrarian-based chiefdoms like those of the Bench and Dizi people (living in the highlands) or in decentralized age-grade societies like the Toposa, Anyuak, Nyangatom and Suri (living in the lowland plains). The state presence was constituted by superior military force (soldier contingents with better arms), and by the imposition on the locals of tribute and tax requirements, and the obligation to provide corvee agricultural labor for the northern immigrants. The latter also took cattle, ivory and slaves for trade to the north."
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International Genocide, 2008.
A criticism of the way in which the United Nations deals with international genocide.
10,895 words (approx. 43.6 pages), 24 sources, APA, $ 215.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the issue of genocide as proof of the lack of political and practical capacities of the UN in trying to avert mass killings and crimes against humanity. It begins by addressing the issue of genocide from the point of view of international law, by focusing on the history of the notion, the background, and the discussions surrounding this matter. It then takes into consideration the UN's general role in relation to the act of genocide by pointing out several aspects important for a proper description of the actions the organization took and should have taken throughout time. The next part focuses on particular cases of genocide, Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. In conclusion, the paper determines several aspects that must be taken into consideration by the UN and the international community at large in order to prevent such cases from happening again, to increase the political and practical response to such situations, as well as to increase the capacity in which the UN deals with the issue of genocide.
Outline:
Introduction
Genocide: Definition, Context, and Legal Aspects
The United Nations and Genocide
Case Study: Rwanda
The Kosovo Crisis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The creation of the various organisms destined to trial these crimes have come about only in the light of the international law doctrine that dates back to the time of Hugo Grotius. In this sense, the 17th century personality argues that the issue of sovereignty is an essential component of the attributes of a state and it should stand at the basis of any political, economic, or legal agreement between countries at the international level. This is an important aspect because it justifies the structure of the actual United Nations and of the previous organizations, regardless of their spectrum of activity. It is based on the assumption that the state can and may, yet it is not obliged to engage in international relations. This possibility is given precisely by the exercise of the quality of sovereignty. "
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U.S. Foreign Policy After WWII, 2008.
A discussion of the impact of the end of the Second World War on US foreign policy and its international conduct.
1,309 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how the effects of the war determined consequences for the United States that would mark its history for the next fifty years. The paper discusses how the end of the war represented an identification of the two enemies: the capitalist and the communist systems of government. The paper further discusses the creation of the United Nations and the American acceptance of the role of the leader of the free world. The paper also looks at America's engagement in the European affairs and in the nuclear race for the next half a century.
From the Paper
"After the end of the war and once the establishment of the communist rule across the Eastern part of Europe and large parts of the world in general, it came apparent that an eventual clash of doctrines and political system would emerge (Kissinger, 1995). From this point of view, it can be said that the start of the Cold War determined the way in which foreign relations and internal structures would be shaped. More precisely, once the Yalta discussions had taken place it was rather obvious for the US Administration as well as for the rest of the Western bloc that Stalin would try to impose the communist rule over most of the European continent in a quest for supremacy."
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Western Influences in the Middle East, 2008.
An argument that western influences on ethnic minorities have produced more harm than good.
1,977 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on the book "Persepolis" by Marjane Satrapi that recounts the chaos and bloodshed that resulted from the western world's "westernization" of Iran. The paper also refers to "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order", by Samuel P. Huntington and then discusses the horrific number of Iraqis who have been killed since Bush launched the invasion. The paper concludes that this is clearly part of the negative impact of "westernization".
From the Paper
"What was life really like for Marjane Satrapi as she was growing up? A brief look at the history of her times is appropriate here, as the discussion of western influences into the Middle East is reviewed. Many Americans remember that the U.S.-backed Shah was pushed out of Iran in 1979, and the Ayatollah Khomeini took over the government, which set off the Islamic revolution that Marjane Satrapi writes about. She was swept up in it and many of the injustices that she witnessed and her family endured resulted from the Islamic backlash (led by Khomeini's regime) following the demise of the Shah. In fact, the fall of the Shah also set off a hostage crisis; pro-Khomeini militants in Teheran held U.S. embassy staff members for 444 days."
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Cuba and Marxism, 2008.
An analysis of the Cuban Revolution and Cuba's future from the perspective of the Marxist theory.
4,651 words (approx. 18.6 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 120.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on the Marxist theory, which is considered to be the explanatory context for the Cuban Revolution, and applies this theory to the events that took place in Cuba. The paper examines the Marxist views on the present situation in the country, taking into account the expected change of leadership in Havana.
Outline:
Introduction
Theoretical aspects of Marxism
The Cuban Revolution
Marxist views on Cuba
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cuba can be seen as one of the most important countries in Latin America and an influential actor on the international scene. This is largely due to the fact that its political system as well as its geographical position has made it a crucial neighbor for the strongest country in the world, the United States. The role of the Cuban Republic in the region as well as in the world is often described and analyzed in comparison with the US and, consequently with the democratic system of government. From this perspective, Cuba is seen as a state with few democratic institutions and is somewhat opposition with the flow of the globalised world. This can be said to be the result of the way in which internal and foreign politics is conducted, as well as the stand often taken by the Cuban authorities in respect to the major issues of our world."
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The United States and Globalization, 2008.
This paper discusses America's influence on globalization.
884 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how the United States has exported its model of economy, society and culture to various parts of the world that has embraced it and sometimes successfully applied it. The paper then discusses how globalization has also generated many aggressive reactions, mainly due to the desire of other nations and their citizens to protect their cultural identity.
From the Paper
"Globalization has been one of the most debated topics of the past decades and there are many scholars that believe that this phenomenon is affecting every aspect of our life. Furthermore, the United States have always been linked to globalization as the country with the most significant influence over the development of globalization. Although globalization has come to refer to social and cultural aspects, its initial spread was related to economy. In terms of creating a global economy, there is no doubt that U.S. has played the decisive part. America seemed for a long period of time to be the only nation that could leave its mark on the world economy and the only nation capable of influencing the creation of a global economy."
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Analysis of Intelligence Support for Homeland Security, 2008.
This paper is a critical analysis of the United States' intelligence support for homeland security in dealing with the prevention of terrorist attacks.
3,574 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the degree of progress being made in intelligence support for Homeland Security. The paper notes that the progress is primarily due to the expansion of government surveillance powers through the authority of the USAPatriot Act, the issuing of executive orders by the President authorizing controversial NSA wiretapping and other covert anti-terrorism measures, new intelligence programs, and recent modifications of FISA. The author states that these actions have enabled the Intelligence Community to improve and expand their efforts to prevent terrorist attacks on the United States, but that numerous problems still need to be overcome if future attacks are to be prevented. Furthermore, the author argues that there is increasing fear that far too many intelligence related government activities are covert and classified, which heightens the risk of abuses of power.
From the Paper
"In addition to dealing with domestic consequences in the form of Congressional oversight investigations and court challenges based on civil liberties and privacy issues, Intelligence Community officials also face the possibility of being indicted and prosecuted by the International Criminal Court. American government personnel involved in detainee interrogations are at the greatest risk because of their participation in controversial activities such as renditions and the ongoing use of enhanced interrogation techniques.
"The Bush Administration opposed the establishment of the ICC and argues that granting such a court with the global power and jurisdiction to bring American citizens to trial could lead to abuses. The current occupant of the White House and various cabinet officials have publicly expressed concerns about the ICC on various grounds, but the underlying reason for U.S. opposition to the International Criminal Court is that American Intelligence Community personnel, government agency officials, and soldiers could be brought before the ICC to be prosecuted for violations of international law and the Geneva Conventions."
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Is U.S. Foreign Policy Moral?, 2008.
This paper discusses whether considerations of morality have a substantial role in U.S. foreign policy strategy.
1,127 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at America's past foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union and Communism. The paper also discusses the war against terrorism today and reveals that the true incentive behind the war in Iraq may have been financial, although there were moral victories attained as a result. The paper concludes that while morality should certainly have a substantial role in U.S. foreign policy strategy, in recent years, the financial goals of the United States seem to outweigh the altruistic ones.
Outline:
Introduction
The Past and U.S. Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy and Communism
Morality, Foreign Policy, and Terrorism
Moral Victories May be the Outcome of Financial Gain
Conclusion
From the Paper
"United States foreign policy has always been about political relationships for financial gain combined with moral idealism (Fox 2000). Therefore, morality has played a substantial role in U.S. foreign policy strategy, and should continue to do so. Whether this "morality" is genuine is questionable, and lately the U.S. has appeared to many to be the equivalent of a greedy bully, seeking financial benefits with no care for assisting the impoverished, oppressed, and/or those who may benefit from a morality driven U.S. foreign policy. These U.S. foreign endeavors are done under the guise of morality, which often result in more harm than good for the citizens of nations that such U.S. foreign policy is choosing to target, which is immoral in its very nature."
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Realignment of United States versus Cuban Policy., 2008.
An examination of the foreign policy of the United States towards Cuba.
2,899 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
The paper relates the background to Fidel Castro's rise to power and describes the present situation with respect to government policy and the resultant stagnant relationship with the United States. The paper criticizes the United States with lack of leadership in not changing its policy towards Cuba and quotes various proposals that have been suggested. The paper concludes that the time for change is now, as the present leader is aging and we have no idea what will be the policy of his successor.
Outline:
Current status and historical context
Short term policy changes
Long term policy changes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Fidel Castro rose to power on the Island of Cuba in the early 1960's by means of a military coup, and following his trade agreements with the Soviet Union and nationalization of private industries he publicly embraced Marxist-Leninist affiliation in 1960, thrusting the island nation into the center of the Cold War . A forty year plus progression of increasing sanctions and restrictions via both Congressional and Executive actions ensued. In addition, Cuban expatriates have become a powerful voting block in the crucial Presidential state of Florida enticing additional hard-line policies towards the Cuban Communist regime. This complex commingling of foreign policy and domestic politics has created a muddled policy that is unique and inconsistent with United States policies concerning similar hostile governments."
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Kennedy, Johnson and the Cold War, 2008.
A comparison of John F. Kennedy's and Lyndon B. Johnson's presidencies.
1,308 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the presidencies and administrations of John F. Kennedy (1960) and Lyndon B. Johnson (1964). The paper relates that both presidents were elected to back-to-back terms as president and both faced difficult foreign policy decisions that defined their presidencies. The paper looks at the different backgrounds, political strengths, style and image of the two men. The paper also discusses the goals shared by both Kennedy and Johnson and compares Johnson's presidency to that of President George W. Bush today.
From the Paper
"John F. Kennedy (1960) and Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) were the only two Twentieth Century Democrats to be elected to back-to-back terms as president since Franklin Roosevelt (1944) and Harry Truman (1948).
Both Truman and Johnson inherited cabinet members and policies from a popular predecessor who died in office. In both cases they followed popular presidents about whom citizens had strong feelings. Roosevelt after twelve years in office was like a father to many people, Kennedy, then the youngest man elected president, represented youth and change an image he worked very hard to cultivate (Hammond, pages 139-142). Today people running for president try to copy Kennedy's style and want to be compared to him - not so Lyndon Johnson."
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Bush, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2008.
Looks at the entrance of President Bush into the Iraq War based on the possible existence of weapons of mass destruction.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the allegation that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, which were never discovered, was a deliberate deception by the Bush administration to justify their aggression in terms of containing terrorism by maintaining the international balance of power. The paper further asserts that Bush ignored the truth that he heard from his advisers and deliberately misled the American people to make an excuse to go to war with Iraq. The paper contends that Bush wanted to secure America's position of dominance, power and access to oil resources in the Middle East and tricked the American people into thinking that going to war with Iraq was a way of waging war on terrorism.
From the Paper
"The primary thrust of Bush's argument for the invasion of Iraq was that Iraq was a serious threat to the rest of the world because it was building WMD. This is an interesting allegation, given that the only country that really has a large supply of WMD is the USA. However, it must be borne in mind that those countries who seek to justify owning WMD - such as the USA - seek to do so in terms of deterrence theory. The idea is that if rational countries such as the USA and Russia possess nuclear weapons, their mutual knowledge that the other country has WMD will deter either country from ever deploying the WMD."
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Loyalty Oaths, 2008.
A discussion on why loyalty oaths don't work with a focus on loyalty oaths in President Truman's America.
1,309 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, when President Harry S. Truman instituted a loyalty program in March of 1947, he did so because the U.S. was facing an insidious assault from Communist forces trying to infiltrate. It then examines several instances of oath-taking pursued by the U.S. Federal Government and by other institutions in the middle of the last century and outlines how each one did nothing to thwart unfriendly Communist activity. Next, the paper argues that, instead of wasting time and energy on a fatuous loyalty oath, public and private employers should have focused wholly upon improving security and clearance measures, should have educated the public on the dangers Communism presented to the American way of life, and should have reminded American citizens of what they needed to do to keep the country safe at the height of the Cold War.
From the Paper
"Understandably, loyalty oaths were frequently demanded of those who, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, were prospective recipients of the largesse of the American government or its various appendages. For instance, May of 1949 saw the Atomic Energy Commission pass a rule that all future holders of Commission fellowships were to provide an Oath of Loyalty and to fill out a non-Communist affidavit if they wished to receive the much-coveted prizes (Waggoner, 1; for another example of the ubiquitous Loyalty Oath in action, please see "Edison, CIO Agree on Loyalty Oath," 20). Although such a measure might seem like a good idea at first glance, the simple truth is that someone trying to secure one of the nation's most prestigious fellowships (this was certainly the case in 1949) is already tempted to tell Commission Board members whatever it is they want to hear - and they will undoubtedly sign most any document if doing so will gain them a competitive advantage over someone else."
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The 1950s: A Decade of Peace?, 2008.
This paper provides an outline of the 1950's political and social climate.
1,182 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the political climate of the 1950s was shaped by the Cold War, the fear of Communism, economic changes seen in the rise of big business and the military-industrial complex and by the aftermath of the success of the U.S. in World War II. The paper looks at the Korean War that started the decade and the foundation for the Vietnam War that was set by the end of the decade. The paper also examines the social change and social turmoil, with the Civil Rights Movement's birth. The paper illustrates how this era was not one of absolute peace, although it is seen as peaceful when compared to the demonstrations and protests of the 1960s.
From the Paper
"A security crisis developed in the 1950s with the fear of communism and the certainty that subversives had infiltrated nearly every facet of American life. The McCarthy era, as it came to be known, was referred to by many as a witch-hunt. This was a political crisis that was used by Senator McCarthy as a way of elevating himself and boosting his career, but the mass hysteria of the time made it possible for him to do this and also caused others to be accomplices in accusing people of being subversives."
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