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Ukrainian Political Culture, 2004.
An exploration into Ukrainian political culture during the process of political and economic transformation.
16,137 words (approx. 64.5 pages), 64 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper analyses public opinion of the Ukrainians towards political and economic changes in Ukraine during the first decade of transformation (1991-1999). The paper assumes that the economic crisis is a serious precondition for the emergence of anti-democratic attitudes in Ukraine. It reveals that there are serious problems with democratisation in Ukraine and how the general economic, political and social disorientation helped the elites to implement ?partial reforms? only, which were beneficial for their private gains. It also looks at how the low level of people?s political participation, undeveloped civil society and general mass ignorance paralysed society, prevented the population from playing an active economic and political role, despite of high protest potential.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Chapter 1
Theoretical framework
Comparative Perspectives on Democratic Transformation
Democratic and Economic Regimes Under Postcommunism
?Quadruple Transformation?: Four Attempts to Break with the Past
The People
The Elites
Chapter 2 The Winners of the First Decade
Dynamics of the Economy
The Attempts for Democratisation
Chapter 3 Public Attitudes Towards Transformation
Attitudes Towards Economic Changes
Attitudes Towards Political Changes
Attitude Toward Mass Media, Level of Knowledge and National Culture
Democratisation in the Times of the ?Crisis Mentality?
Conclusions
Bibliography
Appendices
From the Paper
"When the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union proclaimed the revolutionary programs of democratic and market development, they had ambitions to repeat the successful Western models of development. As some scholars admit (Ray, 1995), these programs were not original because they were designed to rectify a distance with the highly developed West, where a tandem of democracy and market economy already proved the successful results. However, the first decade of the transformation revealed many problems. The outcomes of the beginning of the transformation were problematic in the economic sphere: the mix of economic hardships, deterioration of the standards of life, the weak role of the state in establishment of the proper regulatory base for the market economy."
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Polish Labour Migration, 2004.
An examination of the employment possibilities for Polish migrants in the West European labour markets.
14,165 words (approx. 56.7 pages), 35 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how international labour migration from Poland to Western Europe has proved to be an effective strategy in overcoming some of the multiple problems of transformation after the communist system collapsed. It argues that Poles generally have access only to the secondary sector of labour economy. It also examines how bilateral intergovernmental agreements, official statistical data and survey results suggest that the labour flows to the primary labour markets are limited due to the structural constraints of European economies as well as migration policies and regulations of receiving societies.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Chapter 1 Theoretical Framework
Segmented Labour Market Theory of International Migration
Some Empirical Applications of Segmented Labour Market Theory
Chapter 2 Historical Roots Of Migration From Poland
Basic Migration Features Before the Communist Period (Up To 1945)
Basic Migration Features During the Communist Regime (1945-1979)Liberalization of the 1980s
Changes Caused by the Transition Period. Migrations After the 1990s
Chapter 3 Analysis of Polish Access to the Economic Sectors of the Western European Labour Markets
Structure of the Analysis and Methodological Considerations
Migration Policy
Bilateral Agreements on Foreign Employment of Poles
Seasonal Work in Germany
Project-Tied Employment by Polish Companies in Germany
Polish Labour Presence In Other Countries Of Western Europe (Employment In Western Europe Beyond the Framework of Bilateral Agreements)
Push Factors Responsible For Current Migration Flows-Migrants Characteristics
Summary of the Results
Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The complexity and diversification of international migration has resulted in the fact that there is no single theory or model which would be able to explain the phenomenon of migration satisfactorily and to capture dynamics of the process and conditions related to its various phases. However, different models were adopted in the attempt to reveal and predict various specific aspects associated with it. Among the most important theories which aim to explain causes of international migration, its development, and why it tends to sustain, are the neo-classical economics, the new economics of migration, segmented labour market theory, world system theory, social capital theory, and cumulative causation. The latter models accentuate different aspects of this phenomenon."
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The Shuttle Economy Phenomenon, 2004.
An overview of the growing shuttle trade in Eastern Europe.
2,012 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how for thriving capitalist economies with large commercial spaces for retail, the shuttle trade - buying goods abroad on tourist trips to bring back and sell at kiosks or open air markets - seems like an absurd phenomenon. It looks at how for so-called transition economies, shuttling has become a means of survival for workers who cannot find employment and for consumers who cannot afford to buy goods at conventional retail markets. It shows how although the shuttle business has been declining in the last few years, a majority of consumers in Russia and other CIS countries still buy goods at kiosks, open-air markets, informal stores on the ground floors of apartment blocks, or street vendors because prices are much cheaper than in the newer supermarkets.
From the Paper
"The origins and enormous scale of the shuttle trade in ?transition? countries can only be understood against the background of the trade environment during the communist period. The exchange and trading system within communist countries was an extension of the state planning system. It was conducted through an annual foreign exchange plan and only a handful of trading agencies were licensed to engage in external trade. The retail trade industry was very small compared to capitalist economies and as a consequence it was inadequately developed to handle the flow of commodities - even in a centrally planned economy."
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Serbia on the Brink of War, 2004.
An analysis of Serbian domestic conditions and policies on the brink of war in 1914.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 117.95
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Abstract
The paper is an investigation of the domestic, political conditions that led to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the ensuing crises. It frames the events of that day in the context of Serb domestic politics. Intro includes note on sources, background and Pan-Serbism historical context, nationalism, Balkan wars, previous coups and assassinations, and previous crises in the region. It also provides a brief history of terrorism, militant groups, and militias in Serbia.
From the Paper
"Is it possible that history consists primarily of chaos and chance? When theories of dialectic historicism fail us, or when studies of the ?great men? leave gaps, are we not left with dumb luck alone? Where would we be today if the Archduke of Austria-Hungary had taken another road? Would ten million have died if Gavrilo Princip had panicked at his chance to take the life of the heir to the Hapsburg throne? It seems impossibly fascinating to think that sheer coincidence tipped off the spiraling of Europe into the godforsaken trenches for more than half a decade. Unfortunately, as seductive as this what-if history may seem, there were actually some concrete factors at play on the fateful day in June of 1914. The Serbs had seen a rising patriotism across their society since the Balkan Wars. The government had no control over its own security forces, which developed into a state within a state. The militias popping up all over the Balkans were beyond of the control of authorities. Had Princip failed, it is not inconceivable that another disillusioned young radical would have eventually crossed a line somewhere and set things into motion. The conditions in Serbia at the time made it possible, with the atmosphere of rising nationalism, a growing militant movement uncontrollable by civil authorities, and an expanding and dangerous unaccountability on the part of certain elements of the Serb security forces. It was these domestic conditions, born out of history and contemporary conditions, which set the stage for the tragic murders of Sarajevo."
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Perestroika and East Germany, 2004.
An examination of the effects of reforms in Russian on East Germany.
2,751 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how East and West Germany were two very different places for people coming from the same ethnic background. The Cold War created two different societies. It explains how, when Gorbachev came along, he attempted to reform the USSR and provide ?New Thinking? that would give the crumbling regime a new lease on life. The policies were very slow to take hold, but when they did, events moved at a dizzying pace. It discusses how Perestroika and Glasnost effectively gave the East German people the ability to rise up against their Communist leaders and end the Cold War.
From the Paper
"When Gorbachev took control of the Soviet Union on March 11, 1985, he inherited an institution filled with corruption and cynicism. The Soviet Union?s industrial equipment and transportation was obsolete and the rate of economic growth had declined. For a global super power, the living conditions were deplorable. Employees were often drunk or neglected to show up for work, which resulted in low productivity, and lower quality consumer goods. Consumer goods were as well, in very short supply. With the Soviets computer technology lacking in comparison to that of the Americans, it seemed as though the USSR was loosing its grip as a global superpower."
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Problems in Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations", 2003.
Discusses flaws in Samuel Huntington's controversial theory on the source of the Cold War.
2,275 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
In 1993, Harvard professor Samuel Huntington changed the face of international relations when he published ?The Clash of Civilizations?? in "'Foreign Affairs" magazine. Huntington?s controversial article later evolved into a book in 1996, entitled ?The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.? The provocative thesis of the article was that the fundamental source of conflict in the post-Cold War world would be cultural clashes, not ideological disagreements or economic competitions. This paper is a critical argument against Huntington's theory. The paper argues that his labels of civilizations are weak and that there is, in fact, no Sino-Islamic alliance, a main part of his "clash of civilizations" theory.
From the Paper
"Clearly the history of Russia is one that looks westward culturally and politically. The Russian Orthodox Church is closer to the Catholic Church than the Catholics are to the American Evangelicals. The cultural expressions of Russia, the literature and music, are viewed as comparison points for western culture (westerners put Tolstoy and Chekhov in their frame of cultural reference, but not Tao Qian or Basho) Even Leninism, the defining ideology of the Russian 20th Century, has its roots in two Germans. Russia became, in the Cold War, a part of a newfound ?east/west? delineation that was utilized primarily because it made geographical sense in Europe."
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The European Union (EU) and Western Europe, 2004.
This paper discusses that history of the European Union and its effect on the region and its member states.
2,750 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the concept, which years later became the EU, began in 1948 as the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), whose job it was to advance the rebuilding of war-torn Europe and to help distribute American financial aid (Marshall Aid) for Western Europe. The author points out that, while the overall trend is toward greater regionalization in Europe, there is a great deal of variation among countries, with the smaller countries such as Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Denmark demonstrating little change. The paper concludes that all European countries need a more decentralized system that promotes effective and efficient public service, increased transparency, and accountability.
From the Paper
"Basically, Belgium?s commitment to the process of unification after the war has placed it in its current position of power (International Herald Tribune, 2003). At the heart of Europe since the 1950?s, Belgium has embraced most core EU polices, from the creation of a single currency to the abolition of passport controls within the Schengen zone (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain). A stable democracy with a decentralized government, Belgium has low inflation and slow but steady economic growth, forecast to reach 1.8 percent in 2004. The country has grown over the past three decades into a decentralized state, whose power rests with the three regional governments: Flanders in the north, Wallonia in the south and Brussels as an autonomous region near the center of the country. With one of the EU?s most open economies, Belgium welcomes foreign investment, and its economic policies do not distinguish between domestic and foreign companies."
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The Chechnya Dilemma, 2004.
This paper discusses the on-going generational warfare for Chechnya and how the presence of Islamic fundamentalist terrorists makes the political state of Chechnya more volatile than that of other bordering Russian republics.
1,930 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the small nation of Chechnya has demonstrated its inability to achieve an orderly government and, instead, has been a revolutionary and destabilizing influence in other republics throughout the region. The author points out that the military, Islamic fundamentalists, which have ties to Al-Qaeda, have little desire to balance their goals with the goals of other tribes that have lived in the area for centuries. The author feels Moscow should keep Chechnya under its 'iron boot' until the people decide that the time has come to exercise self-restraint and learn to govern themselves.
From the Paper
"During the next 6 or 7 decades, the control of Chechnya changed hands a number of times, until the ascension of the Soviet Union to between the world wars. At different periods during these 7 years, the state?s citizens were forced onto collective farms and Russia made efforts to restrict their religious practices. The Chechens suffered under these policies and fought fiercely for their beliefs, and their cultural heritage. Just before WWII, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin accused the Chechen?s of collaboration with the Nazis and deported them (again) to Central Asia. The republic was abolished and was not restored until 957, when its former inhabitants were allowed to return from exile."
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The Labor Policies of the Former Soviet Union, 2004.
This paper discusses the labor policies of the former Soviet Union, which contributed to the downfall of the Soviet Union.
2,030 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the downfall of the Soviet Union was, in part, due to the labor policies such as the promise of work, the compulsory labor policies and the promise of equal pay to many people regardless of their work. The author points out these labor policies created an apathetic attitude about productivity and success that led to an inability to stir the nation into growth, which was the cause of the ultimate downfall of the Soviet Union. The paper contends that, as the nation rebuilds, it is important that it allows a policy of free market competitiveness.
From the Paper
"The Red Army of Workers simulated what Americans know as "Unions". The difference was that the Red Army of Workers was actually controlled by the government and given freedoms that the government felt were allowable. This again wiped out any hope for motivation or drive and those who belonged simply went through the paces. The government allowed the workers to be given the right to participate in the government structure and to practice religion but later years removed such rights. The laboring masses were then nothing but workhorses who went each day, performed their duties, and did not have anything to wish for or hope for."
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Globalization, 2004.
This paper discusses the 'age of globalization?, which is characterized by a post-industrialist paradigm that demands supranational integration and cooperative politics.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that globalization refers to the rapid change in technological developments, which result in redefining the economic impact of worker skills, human capital, and distribution of income. The author points out that free-trade marketing, agricultural subsidies, the opening of borders for immigration, emigration for purposes of employment, and the need to comply with environmental policies are among the most pressing issues in dealing with the globalization and modernization. The paper relates that some people see globalization as an intensification of the consciousness of the world rather than as an intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural relations across borders.
From the Paper
"James Kurth points out that there are two ways of looking at international relations, "One tradition (realism) emphasizes such ideas as the autonomous actions of sovereign states, the anarchy of international relations, the importance of national power, and the pursuit of national interests. ? The other tradition (liberalism) emphasizes such ideas as the necessity for states to engage in international cooperation, the harmony of interests, the importance of international economic exchanges, and the erosion of the nation-state.""
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The Cold War, 2004.
This paper discusses the origins of the Cold War.
775 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses two views on the causes of the Cold War: Russian treachery and a long history of lack of trust. The author points out that the roots of the Cold War go much further back into history than the events of World War II. The paper concludes that Russia?s clear attempt to do what Hitler had failed to do, dominate Europe, made the Cold War inevitable.
From the Paper
"The United States and its Western allies saw this as little more than the colonization of Eastern Europe. These countries knew first hand what the U.S.S.R. was doing. As the Soviets emerged as a world power, they were expanding their economic base just as many Western powers had done in the previous three - four centuries -- by conquering other lands and people."
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Currency Unification, 2004.
This paper examines the economic wisdom of the nation of Oman participating in the consideration of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), a regional political and economic group, to unify their currencies.
4,905 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although there are differences between the regions, the EU, which has already unified its currency, can be used as an example for the GCC. The author points out that the high level of economic heterogeneity in Europe is one of the reasons the euro-zone has done well; the corresponding lack of economic heterogeneity in the GCC states may prove to be a significant barrier for these nations in achieving the kind of economic stability and success desirable in pursuing currency unification. The paper uses quantitative analysis to suggest that, vis-?-vis other nations in the GCC, Oman stands to benefit to a relatively higher degree from the planned currency unification. Tables. Statistical analysis.
Table of Contents
Overall Effect of Currency Unification on the EU
Economic Heterogeneity
Applicability of European Union to GCC
From the Paper
"One indication of the mixed fate of the European Union countries since the introduction of the euro is the trade sector, an arena that should have been positively affected by the introduction of the euro. And indeed, trade has been positively affected in terms of reduced tariffs; however, the larger economic picture (as well as to some extent the internal dynamics of the situation in Europe itself) has also been harmful to the European Union?s trade position, producing a trade picture that is mixed. The change in value of exports varied widely, from a drop of nearly 7 percent to an increase of 34 percent with an average overall increase of 11 percent. Imports increased on average by 13 percent. The trade balance ? the difference between exports and imports ? narrowed (or, in cases of deficits, widened) by nearly 14 percent on average."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2004.
This paper discusses the Cuban Missile Crisis, a confrontation between President Kennedy and Soviet Premier Khrushchev over the placement of Russian missiles in Cuba in October, 1962.
2,420 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that the Cuban Missile Crisis confrontation involved an American blockade around Cuba to prevent the Soviets from delivering any more missiles or other weapons to Cuba. The author points out that the event recently was compared to September 11, 2001, as a time when Americans realized that the oceans no longer protected us from enemy attack. The paper stresses that the speeches Kennedy made on American television demonstrated his concern about public opinion and his desire to have the American people watch carefully as he challenged the Soviets.
From the Paper
"Kruschev believed that if he could get the missiles into Cuba, he would close the gap between the Soviet Union and the United States and gain a strategic advantage. Kennedy certainly saw this possibility as well. Kennedy knew that American strategic interests lay in keeping the Soviets from gaining this advantage and in keeping the Soviets out of the Western Hemisphere, asserting the Monroe Doctrine that told all other powers to keep out of this part of the world. Kennedy also knew the Soviet capacity in terms of missiles and other weaponry, though he could not be sure that the Soviets would not use those weapons even if they could not follow up an attack with as much power as could the United States. Morgenthau also cites the mass of intelligence data gathered from the Russian spy Penkovsky, a trove called Ironbark, which told the United States what weapons the Soviets had and much more about their operations."
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?Journey into the Whirlwind?, 2004.
Examines this autobiography by Eugenia Ginzburg about life as a prisoner in Stalinist Russia.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, $ 46.95
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Abstract
Eugenia Ginzburg experienced the heart of the Stalinist Terror as few have who lived to tell about it. A staunch Communist supporter, Ginzburg found herself wrongfully accused of being an enemy of the people and subsequently thrown into jail. This paper examines her account of her years and months in prison camps in her book, "Journey into the Whirlwind". It also looks at how her story impacts the study of the Stalinist Terror.
From the Paper
"Thrown into jail, Ginzburg found herself transferred from jail to labor camp across the country for years. What she found, to her surprise and intrigue, was that her supposed crime seemed to change with every facility to which she was transferred. She started out as an "enemy of the people", and by the time she was released, she found herself being referred to as an "international terrorist." This demonstrates just what a propaganda machine Stalin's regime was. It appears that Ginzburg's supposed crime was adjusted and changed whenever it suited the regime, probably depending upon whatever propaganda the regime was trying to propagate at the time."
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