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Cloning, 2006.
Argues that the cloning of human body parts should be permitted.
1,593 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
There is a dispute in both the scientific and secular worlds regarding genetic cloning. Some scientists wish to clone headless humans to use for body parts. The paper shows that many experts in both the secular and scientific fields argue this is immoral and wrong. They call for bans on human cloning. Most people, however, feel the cloning of human stem cells to build human organs is justified. There are scientific and genetic; psychological, political and social, moral and ethical reasons for banning the cloning humans, however the paper shows that there are numerous benefits for the cloning of human body parts using stem cells and animals.
From the Paper
"In spite of the debate over human cloning, there is a consensus condoning the cloning of human tissues and organs for use as donor organs. Scientists and religious leaders agree the cloning of human embryos is justified, but disagree on the types of research that should be legal. Even, Representative Vernon Ehlers, who authored the congressional bill banning human cloning, believes the research should continue."
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Estrus in Humans, 2005.
Examines why humans do not display estrus, a phenomenon whereby the female exhibits certain physiological changes and emits secretions to attract the male for reproductive purposes.
2,336 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Animals do not engage in human courtship rituals, asking potential partners for dates and engaging in long, sensitive conversations in an attempt to win over their trust. Instead, animals mate almost mechanically, often at set times of the year known as 'mating seasons,' in which the females enter into a hormonally induced period known as estrus, designed to attract males in order to ensure the birth of a new offspring of litter. The paper shows that such mating rituals would prove rather unsuitable for humans, since the idea of women entering a similar state of estrus is ludicrous, not to mention detrimental to the organization and smooth running of society. Indeed, civilization would become quite vulnerable if all its attentions turned to mating at certain times of the year. The paper shows that to ensure its successful existence, humans have lost this display of estrus, instead resorting to the more familiar mating rituals such as dating and wooing to ensure reproduction through a singularly pleasant means. Furthermore, reproduction among humans can theoretically take place at any time. This paper explores the phenomenon of estrus and why humans have lost this overt phenomenon, so essential to most other species.
From the Paper
"The mechanics of animal reproduction usually distinguish between attractivity, proceptivity, and receptivity. Attractivity is the degree of attractions a female elicits in males, proceptivity is the female's use of signs to elicit a male's interest in reproduction, and receptivity defines how females respond to males' reproductive leads (4). In animals which exhibit estrus, these elements occur almost mechanically when a female enters estrus, or heat. In humans, however, Harris theorizes that human reproduction has evolved into a process-oriented rather than product-oriented system (4). Harris explains that "human courtship is a process that occurs over time and is the result of the behavior of both interactants" (4)."
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Darwinism, 2006.
This paper discusses Darwin's theory of evolution.
1,704 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of the Darwin theory from its inception of the study of the origin of species to natural selection and further developments from biological to sociological theories. The author also provides different opinions including those of the creationists. The paper explores the effects of Darwinism on present day theories and studies, namely genealogy.
From the Paper
"This fact is now accepted by most scientists and natural philosophers, namely that" an ongoing process of organic evolution (is) an established aspect of material reality." (Birx, p. 241) And, still there are those who think it is only one theory, not any better or worse than the Theory of Creationism. These religious conservatives and zealots, who cling to the Bible as an anchor in a world of If's, feel that there is no more solid proof that Man descended from lower organisms than there is that Man was created in the image of God."
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The Role of Proteins in Mitosis, 2006.
A paper on the role of microtubule-associated proteins in mitosis.
1,112 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the model that was used to study the role of microtubule-associated proteins in mitosis. The paper explains that microtubules play a significant role in a number of cellular processes, including mitosis, cell motility, and intracellular vesicle transport. It also points out that the dynamic behavior of microtubules plays a significant part both in cell cycle actions and in cell segregation.
From the Paper
"Kinesins and dyneins play significant roles throughout cell dissection. By means of RNA intrusion (RNAi) to reduce individual or groupings of motors along with immunofluorescence and time-lapse microscopy, the mitotic roles of cytoplasmic dynein and all 25 kinesins in Drosophila S2 cells are examined. It is shown that four kinesins are concerned in bipolar spindle assembly, four kinesins are involved in metaphase chromosome alignment, dynein plays a role in the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, and one kinesin is needed for cytokinesis. efficient redundancy and alternative pathways for completing mitosis were observed for many single RNAi knockdowns, and failure to complete mitosis was observed for only three kinesins. As an example, inhibition of two microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins originally formed monopolar spindles with unusually long microtubules, but cells ultimately formed bipolar spindles by an acentrosomal pole-focusing mechanism. From our phenotypic data, we construct a model for the distinct roles of molecular motors during mitosis in a single metazoan cell kind. ."
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Genetically Modified Foods, 2006.
An essay arguing against the use of genetically modified foods.
1,413 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the economic, social and health aspects of genetically modified food and argues that left uncontrolled, genetically modified foods represent an extremely serious threat to our future. The paper points out that the issue of genetically modified food must be viewed as part of the general issue of how to control technology in a democracy and that this general issue must be addressed in terms of its moral, health, economic and social implications.
From the Paper
"The world easily produces enough food to feed everybody very well could easily feed the world's population without resorting to these technologies. Although there is currently a plethora of famine throughout the world, there is also a failure to apply current techniques. There is a general lack of infra structure (food banks, for example) and, of course, poverty. If humanity collectively drew up a serious plan to overcome famine throughout the world, genetically modified foods would be unnecessary. The claim that they are needed to feed the world is nonsense."
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Happiness and Genetics, 2006.
An essay on whether there is a connection between genetics and happiness.
928 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper presents evidence supporting the theory that an individual's state of happiness is not primarily determined by genetics, but is influenced by his environment and his own mental discipline.
From the Paper
"Numerous studies have proved that the role of environmental influences and parental guidance play the most important role in the development of personality, which can be directly linked to an individual's response to circumstances. Since everyone experiences disappointment and challenges, coping skills form the most important link between state of happiness or unhappiness. Behaviorists and environmentalists believe that a child learns these responses early in his life from his parents and authority figures, peers and his own deductive powers.
Scottish philosopher John MacMurray stated that a baby's adaptation to his environment consists of his own expressions of discomfort or comfort. Parental responses provoke reactions from the infant. This dynamic continues as the child grows older. Parents who respond to their child's needs in ways that build self-esteem and confidence foster in their offspring the ability to cope with adversity and to create change in their own lives."
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Human Cloning, 2006.
An overview of the debate over cloning.
2,697 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the controversial issue of cloning and raises many of the ethical questions surrounding this topic. It presents arguments on both sides of the issue, looking at both the positive and negative aspects of this medical technology and examines its ethical implications for society.
From the Paper
"The proponents of the cloning debate believe that the fear surrounding the controversy is due to ignorance on part of the opposition they believe that human cloning is so much a part of science that it is impossible to limit or ban it. Science will advance, the only thing left is how far we are willing to let it advance. Do we want to allow the unethical community of science to privately create or are we willing to set limits and allow scientists to clone with a strict eye on the ethics of the debate."
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Biodiesel, 2005.
This paper discusses biodiesel, a mono alkalyl ester of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats processed and refined for use as a fuel in diesel engines, and its associated problems.
3,990 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that biodiesel is a revolutionary change and therefore has a revolutionary effect on the cultural, social, political, economic and health aspects of society. The author points out that, although biodiesel is claimed to be "green", with minimum pollutions, this fuel has some known toxicity, which is more lethal than the regular diesel. The paper relates that another objection with the biodiesel production is the use of massive land for the commercial purpose; however, conventional techniques of farming and the modifications propagated for the farmer's well-being could counteract this problem.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Coping with the Materials
The Financial Factor
Substituting Fuel with Food
Starvation and Biodiesel
The Land and Farming
Biodiesels and Toxicity Complains
The Cultural Dynamics
Political Issues and Taxation
Experimental Outcome
High in the Sky
Summary
Suggestions
Social Responses
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Despite, the efficacy and proficiency of the fuel, there are some problems associated with its usage. First, is the compatibility of the diesel with the material of the pipes used, through which the diesel flows. The O ring and hoses made of rubber which are the parts of gasket made before early 90's were of a nature to get shrunk with the use of such gas. These materials got dissolved by the degradable bio agents in the gas and have to be replaced by Viton or other type of Biodiesel compatible materials. This highly viscous biochemical has a tendency to clean out old carbon sludge from a fuel tank of an older vehicle, resulting in severely clogged fuel filter, so whenever and older vehicle is used, it became necessary to check its fuel filter intermittently. The most pronouncing problem linked to Biodiesel is that it solidifies at freezing temperatures. In a temperature below than 40 [degrees] F, the biodiesel should be made warm, blended with cold- weather anti-gel additive or mixed with normal synthetic diesel."
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Aloe: The Endless Medicine, 2005.
Examines the medicinal benefits of the aloe vera plant.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
Aloe gel is perhaps the most widely recognized herbal remedy in the United States today, used to relieve thermal burn and sunburn, promote wound healing and moisturize and soften skin. Everyone who uses it seems convinced that it works and its millennia of use for the same conditions support that assumption. The paper shows that, in addition, recent research suggests that aloe gel can help stimulate the body's immune system. However, the way aloe works is not yet fully understood. The paper presents an overview of this fascinating plant.
Paper Outline:
Background
Antiseptic
Anti-Inflammatory
Anti-viral, Anti-bacterial
Whole-Leaf Aloe Concentrate
Aloe as Laxative
Using Aloe
Growing Aloe Vera
Grow and Heal
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Aloe vera linne or Aloe Barbadensis Miller is a succulent from the Aloe family (400 different species !) with its origin in the African continent. Its thick leaves contain the water supply for the plant to survive long periods of drought. These leaves have a high capacity of retaining the water also in very warm and dry climates and therefore this plant can survive very harsh circumstances where most other vegetation disappears."
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Unified Approach in Sexual Orientation, 2005.
Argues for the need to approach sexual orientation studies from a joint nature-nurture perspective.
1,234 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
Current researchers have approached the question of sexual preference and its causes from a biological as well as a psychological and sociological point of study. Both types of researchers would agree that the various areas of influence are not necessarily exclusive of one another, and that no single area dominates the decision as to what determines sexual orientation. The paper shows that some researchers have demonstrated a biologic or genetic component of human sexual orientation. Others dispute this claim, stating that sexuality is largely an environmentally-influenced preference. In conclusion, this paper argues that it is clearly necessary to approach the causes of sexual orientation from a point of view that includes both biologic and environmental factors.
From the Paper
"Blanchard and Klassen have hypothesized that the Y-linked minor histocompatiblity antigens, or H-Y antigens, are involved in sexual development. Their study shows that some mothers experience a progressive immunization to the antigen, and that this change may increase the effects of H-Y antibodies on the sexual differentiation of the brain in male children that are born later in the birth order within a family. According to the authors, this information is consistent with the fact that there is a correlation between sexual orientation in men and the number of older brothers they have. Each older brother increases the odds of homosexual preference by nearly 33% in the younger siblings."
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Human Cloning, 2006.
An examination of the controversy surrounding human cloning.
2,354 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by providing a definition of human cloning. It then discusses the various forms of cloning procedures used and why these are considered ethically controversial by some. The ethical and legal concerns of cloning are discussed in detail.
From the Paper
"The subject cloning can be frightening in the hands of the wrong individuals. There are legitimate concerns, but if the use of appropriate legal measures and ethics are applied, than there should be a compromise, which can satisfy most. Nurses should be prepared for the future of new technology in medicine, and welcome it as well. They will see individuals progress in ways that in the past would have been impossible. They will need to learn new skills, but much of the workload may disappear. If the use of "spare parts" lives up to its potential, then there will not be so many dependent on nursing care. The nurse will be able to focus more on the patients who are in need of care and hopefully will not be overworked, as is the case today."
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Efforts to Reduce Global Warming, 2006.
A look at Finland's and Spain's efforts to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in their respective countries.
2,824 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the approach to reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases taken by both Finland and Spain. The paper describes the domestic measures both countries have implemented in their efforts to help fight global warming, how successful they have been in meeting this objective and how each country would be affected by the imposition of a global environmental tax designed to help control greenhouse gases emissions globally.
From the Paper
"The leaders of both Spain and Finland have been working hard for years to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. Large quantities of greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere are responsible for global warming. If global warming continues it will have catastrophic consequences on the world's environment. World leaders have proposed many ideas to solve the problem of global warming, but have had little success. One answer to the problem is to impose a global environmental tax. However, leaders in many European countries feel that the burden on their economy will be too great. In addition, conflicting results from studies aimed at projecting the effect an environmental tax will have on their economy has confused leaders, and made them reticent to commit to a tax."
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Salt Consumption, 2006.
A discussion of the nature/nurture issue as it related to the consumption of salt.
2,795 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the use of salt in our diets and how it is not merely a matter of essential health, but also of taste. The paper then relates the need and taste for salt to the nature/nurture issue, explaining why the body requires salt and how the taste for salt could have developed as a result of both genetics and environment.
From the Paper
"Salt is the world's oldest known food addative. It is an essential nutrient for both human beings and animals, since it is necessary for life and health, but is not produced within the body. A human body contains about 250 grams of salt. Salt aids in the transmission of nerve impulses to and from the brain, and also the contraction of muscles, including the heart. Apart form health issues, a number of functions are fulfilled by salt regarding food. It brings out the taste in foods and reduces blandness. It reduces the sourness of acid and increases the sweetness of sugar (Salt Manufacturers' Association, UK). The taste of food is thus generally improved through this additive. Other fuctions of cooking include salt used a s a preservative, a texture aid, a binder, for fermention control and as a color developer."
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Evolutionary Models, 2006.
A paper looking at the different methods of analysis used to learn about evolutionary change.
1,406 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper considers which scientific methods of analysis in the study of evolution are more compatible with the ideas of punctuated equilibria. More specifically, the paper compares Cladistic Methods with the methods of Phyletic Gradualism in terms of their compatibility with the ideas of punctuated equlibria and then considers whether the concept of adaptation is more important in either model of evolutionary change. Included with this paper, in addition to the sources used to write the paper, is a list of recommended sources as well.
From the Paper
"Biological systematists who wished to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies of species based on morphological similarities originally develop phylogenetic analysis. The German entomologist Willi Hennig was the first author to propose an explicit method of phylogenetic analysis, and the publication of his work in English (Hennig 1996) quickly led to the widespread use of his approach. Phylogenetic methods used to reconstruct the relationships between macro-molecular sequences also involve the application of Hennigian principles."
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The Exxon-Valdez Disaster, 2006.
Examines the environmental effects of this 1989 oil-spill which took place in Alaskan waters.
1,454 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In March 24, 1989, Captain Joe Hazelwood and his crew impaled the oil tanker Exxon-Valdez on Bligh Reef, spilling more than 42 million liters of oil into the waters of Alaska's Prince William Sound. This paper shows that it was the worst environmental disaster ever to happen in American waters. The spill area was about the size of three football fields and covered nearly 1,400 shoreline miles of the Sound. The paper examines the immediate and long-term effects on the environment as a result of this spill. It also discusses the role of the media in the disaster.
From the Paper
"Immediately after the spill, nearly 800 birds were captured and laundered by scientists, but after their re-release into the environment, most birds only survived an average of one week before dying. Sea birds often gather at the places of land-water and air-water interface - the areas most disrupted by the spill itself. In the long term, however, the lowering of sea bird populations was related to their reproduction cycles, which were inhibited by the presence of oil in their nesting areas."
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